Effects of Lithium Doping in TiO2 Thin Films on Their Structural, Optical, and Morphological Properties, and on the Degradation Efficiency of Methylene Blue Dye
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the impact of lithium (Li+) doping on the structural, morphological, optical, and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 thin films. Li+-doped TiO2 films were fabricated on glass substrates using the sol–gel spin-coating technique and subsequently annealed at 550°C for 2 h. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that all films crystallize exclusively in the anatase phase. The crystallite size was found to decrease from 19 to 13 nm with increasing Li+ doping. The surface morphology, examined through scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, revealed noticeable changes influenced by the Li+ content. With higher Li+ concentrations, optical transmittance (T [%]) increased, while the optical band gap (Eg [eV]) decreased. Additionally, lithium doping enhanced the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 films in degrading methylene blue.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
M. Isleyen, E.S. Ilkme, G.S.P Soylu, Korean J. Chem. Eng. 34, 1786 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-017-0065-6
Y.-F. Tu, S.-Y. Huang, J.-P. Sang, X.-W. Zou, J. Alloys. Compd. 482, 382 (2009), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.04.027
B.K. Moon, J.H. Jeong, S.-S. Yi, S.E. Choi, P.S. Kim, H. Choi, J.H. Kim, J. Lumin. 122, 873 (2007), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2006.01.313
J. Qiu, S. Zhang, H. Zhao, Sens. Actuators B 160, 875 (2011), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.08.077
O. Seven, B. Dindar, S. Aydemir, D. Metin, M.A. Ozinel, S. Icli, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 165, 103 (2004), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.03.005
A.H. Zyoud, N. Zaatar, I. Saadeddin, C. Ali, D. Parkc, G. Campet, H.S. Hilal, J. Hazard. Mater. 173, 318 (2010), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.093
A. Fujishima, X. Zhang, D.A. Tryk, Surf. Sci. Rep. 63, 515 (2008), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2008.10.001
U.I. Gaya, A.H. Abdullah, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C 9, 1 (2008), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2007.12.003
K. Hashimoto, H. Irie, A. Fujishima, Appl. Phys. 44, 8269 (2005), https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.44.8269
J.-M. Herrmann, Top. Catal. 34, 49 (2005), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-005-3788-2
D.S.C. Halin, K.A. Razak, A. Azani, M.M.A.B. Abdullah, M.A.A.M. Salleh, N. Mahmed, M.M. Ramli, A.W. Azhari, V. Chobpattana, Ł. Kaczmarek, Acta Phys. Pol. A 138, 159 (2020), https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.138.159
G. Zeng, K.K. Li, H.G. Yang, Y.H. Zhang, Vib. Spectrosc. 68, 279 (2013), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2013.08.012
Y.F. Tu, S.Y. Huang, J.P. Sang, X.W. Zou, J. Alloys. Compd. 482, 382 (2009), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.04.027
W. Choi, Catal. Surv. Asia 10, 16 (2006), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10563-006-9000-2
M. Fernández-García, A. Martínez-Arias, J.C. Hanson, J.A. Rodriguez, J. Chem. Rev. 104, 4063 (2004), https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030032f
V. Brezová, A. Blažková, L. Karpinský, J. Grošková, B. Havlínov&aacutte;, V. Jorík, M. Ćeppan, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 109, 177 (1997), https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(97)00121-4
S.U.M. Khan, M. Al-Shahry, W.B. Ingler Jr., Science 297, 2243 (2002), https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075035
J.G. Jia, T. Ohno, M. Matsumura, Chem. Lett. 29, 908 (2000), https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2000.908
O. Beldjebli, R. Bensaha, Y.S. Ocak, L. Amirache, R. Boukherroub, Mater. Res. Express 6, 085036 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab1d36
Y.-F. Tu, S.-Y. Huang, J.-P. Sang, X.-W. Zou, J. Alloys. Compd. 482, 382 (2009), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.04.027
H.-J. Lin, T.-S. Yang, C.-S. Hsi, M.-C. Wang, K.-C. Lee, Ceram. Int. 40, 10633 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.03.046
S. Bouattour, W. Kallel, A.M. Botelho do Rego, L.F. Vieira Ferreira, I. Ferreira Machado, S. Boufi, Appl. Organometal. Chem. 24, 692 (2010), https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.1668
T.N. Ravishankar, G. Nagaraju J. Dupont, Mater. Res. Bull. 78, 103 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.02.017
T. López, J. Hernandez-Ventura, R. Gómez, F. Tzompantzi, E. Sánchez, X. Bokhimi, A. Garc&iacutte;a, J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 167, 101 (2001), https://doi.org/10.1016/S1381-1169(00)00496-9
Y. Bessekhouad, D. Robert, J.-V. Weber, N. Chaoui, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 167, 49 (2004), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2003.12.001
J.A.B. Pérez, M. Courel, M. Pal, F.P. Delgado, N.R. Mathews, Ceram. Int. 43, 15777 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.08.141
H. Bensouyad, H. Sedrati, H. Dehdouh, M. Brahimi, F. Abbas, H. Akkari, R. Bensaha, Thin Solid Films 519, 96 (2010), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.07.062
R. Mechiakh, F. Meriche, R. Kremer, R. Bensaha, B. Boudine, A. Boudrioua, Opt. Mater. 30, 645 (2007), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2007.02.047
L. Alexander, H.P. Klug, J. Appl. Phys. 21, 137 (1950), https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1699612
K. Mageshwari, R. Sathyamoorthy, J. Mater. Sci. Semicon. Proc. 16, 337 (2013), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2012.09.016
A. Doula,R. Bensaha, O. Beldjebli, Acta Phys. Pol. A 140, 421 (2021), https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.140.421
J. Yu, G. Wang, B. Cheng, M. Zhou, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 69, 171 (2007), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.06.022
M. Sreemany, S. Sen, Mater. Chem. Phys. 83, 169 (2004), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2003.09.030
L. Mai, C. Huang, D. Wang, Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 255, 9285 (2009), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.07.027
S. Mahanty, S. Roy, S. Sen, J. Crystal. Growth 261, 77 (2004), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2003.09.023
J. Yu, Q. Xiang, M. Zhou, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 90, 595 (2009), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.04.021
H. Yamashita, M. Harada, J. Misaka, M. Takeuchi, K. Ikeue, M. Anpo, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 148, 257 (2002), https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00051-5
M.S. Hassan, T. Amna, O.B. Yang, H.C. Kim, M.S. Khil, Ceram. Int. 38, 5925 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.04.043
Y. Guo, J. Chen, Z. Ding, T.Guo, J. Wei, X. Ye, W. Xu, Z. Zhoua, RSC Adv. 6, 101714 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19815e
A. Aouina, F. Bensouici, M. Bououdina, R. Tala-Ighil, M. Toubane, F. Kezzoula, K. Chebout, Mater. Res. Express 6, 016406 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aae4fd
F. Bensouici, M. Bououdina, A.A. Dakhel, T. Souier, R. Tala-Ighil, M. Toubane, A. Iratni, S. Liu, W. Ca, Thin Solid Film 616, 655 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2016.09.046
F. Ajala, H. Lachheb, N. Bouazizi, A. Houas, J. Mater Sci Mater. Electron. 28, 2817 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-016-5863-9
B.K. Kaleji, R. Sarraf-Mamoory, Mater. Res. Bull. 47, 362 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2011.11.002
N.R. Mathews, E.R. Morales, M.A. Cortes-Jacome, J.A. Toledo Antonio Sol. Energy 83, 1499 (2009), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2009.04.008
A. Arunachalam, S. Dhanapandian, C. Manoharan, Physica E 76, 35 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2015.09.048
H.-J. Lin, T.-S. Yang, M.-C. Wang, C.-S. His, J. Alloys. Compd. 610, 478 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.05.053
H.-X. Li, R.-H. Xia, Z.-W. Jiang, S.-S. Chen, D.-Z. Chen, Chin. J. Chem. 26, 1787 (2008), https://doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.200890322
E. Cerro-Prada, M. Manso, V. Torres, J. Soriano, Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 10, 89 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-015-0326-6
X. Zhu, H. Song, W. Feng, G. Wen, H. Li, J. Zhou, J. Adv. Oxid. Technol. 20, 20160190 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1515/jaots-2016-0190
F. Bensouici, M. Bououdina, A.A. Dakhel, R. Tala-Ighil, M. Tounane, A. Iratni, T. Souier, S. Liu, W. Cai, Appl. Surf. Sci. 395, 110 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.034